On Gassem Ali Zarqan, an early Bedouin leader and breeder from Iran

Lately, I have been digging into the origins of Iranian Arabian horses. Using authoritative works in the Arabic language such as ‘Abbas al-‘Azzawi’s monumental “Tribes of Iraq” in four volumes and other sources, I was able to identify several of the older, original horse breeders mentioned in the first studbook of the Asil Stud of Khuzestan (ASK), excerpts of which Jens Sannek shared with me. This is the precursor of the Iranian Arabian horse studbook.

Gassem Ali Zarqan (abbreviated GAZ in the ASK) is one these Arab tribal breeders. He is the breeder of a Meleihe (Mlayhan) stallion, Meleihe GAZ, which features prominently in early Iranian Arabian horse pedigrees. I found a reference to Gassem Ali Zarqan in Azzawi’s “Tribes of Iraq”:

عشائر اخرى متصلة بكعب وهذه العشائر منها فى العراق لا سلطة لامارة كعب عليها، ومنها فى الحويزة ولا تخلو عشيرة من عشائر خوزستان الا ولها أصل فى العراق ومن أشهرها
.الباوية : وأصلهم من ربيعة وليس بصواب عدهم من كعب. يسكنون فى شرقي نهر كارون. قال البسام: “فى جانب البصرة الشرقي الباوية. ألف خيّال تتبع شيخ كعب وهم منتشرون فى أنحاء أخرى من العراق
:وهذه أشهر طوائفهم: الزركان. رئيسهم جبار بن قاسم علي (يلفظ قسمه لي). ولهم نخوة خاصة وهى (طفلة). وأكد الكثيرون انهم من حمير

My translation:

“[There are] other tribes linked to [the large Arab tribe of] Kaab. Some of these tribes are in Iraq so the emirate of Kaab has no sway over them, while others are in al-Huwayzah [an area west of the large Arabestan/Khuzestan region of Iran, close to the Iraqi border]. There is no tribe among the [Arab] tribes of Khuzestan that does not have origins in Iraq. Most famous among these [tribes related to Kaab] are al-Bawiyah. Their origin is from [the tribe of] Rabi’ah so counting them among the Kaab is incorrect. They live east of the Karun river. [Najdi historian] Al-Bassam said of them: “On the east side of Basra are the al-Bawiyah. A thousand horsemen who follow the sheikh of Kaab, and are spread in other areas of Iraq as well.” Among their most famous groups/clans are al-Zarqan, their head is Jabbar son of Gassem Ali (his name pronounced Gassemali. Their have their own war cry: Tifla. Many [people] confirm that they are from Himyar [a Yemeni tribe].

Another source, Ali Nu’mah al-Hulu, the author of the book: “Ahwaz, its tribes and families”, 1970, section 4, pages 97-98, building on the previous one, adds that the Zarqan clan live near Ahwaz and that their leader Gassem son of Ali sided with the Ottomans in WW1 against the British. This source traces the arrival of the Zarqan to Ahwaz around the year 1800 CE, under a leader by the name of Jaafar al-Zarqani. This is the full text of al-Hulu in Arabic:

يقول علي نعمة الحلو في كتابة (الأحواز، قبائلها وأسرها)، الطبعة الأولى (1970)، الجزء الرابع ص 97، 98، يقول: الزركان، قبيلة عربية ذات عز وشموخ، وأصالة وشجاعة، وتعد من الباوية من ربيعة، ولكن البعض يدعي أنها من حمير من قحطان، وهي قبيلة كبيرة ذات بطون وفصائل وديارهم قرب الأهواز، شرقي نهر قارون ولا يزالون يحتفظون بتقاليدهم العربية. ولهذه القبيلة موقف مجيد مشرف أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى، وشيخها قاسم بن علي في حربه ضد الأنكليز، وقد ذكرهم (ولسن) في عدة أماكن من كتابه مع العشائر العربية التي عارضت الإنكليز وعضدت الدولة العثمانية ويرجح علي نعمة الحلو تأريخ نزوح الزركان إلى الأحواز إلى حوالى عام 1800 م، على عهد الشيخ جعفر الزركاني (راجع عشائر العراق – الجزء الرابع ص 192). ونخوتهم طفلة، وكانت لهم نخوة عامة وهي (أولاد عامر). ومن فروعها التي ذكرها، السماق، آلبو حيّة، البو فاضل وغيرهم

Bottom line: Gassem Ali Zarqani is the leader of the Zarqan clan of the tribe of al-Bawiyah, an Arab tribe originally from either Rabi’ah or Himyar but later affiliated with the tribe of Kaab in Khuzestan, and living east of the Karun river in the vicinity of al-Ahwaz/Ahvaz.

Below, an excellent British map of Arabestan/Khuzestan from 1924, showing the location of the different Arab Bedouin tribes, and that of others like the Bakhtiari. I will writing about this map more in next posts.

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